Life history of prophet muhammad from birth to death pdf

Born to Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Fatima bint Asad , young Ali was raised by his elder cousin Muhammad and was among the first to accept his teachings. Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam when Muslims were severely persecuted in Mecca. After immigration hijra to Medina in , Muhammad gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage and swore a pact of brotherhood with him.

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Ali served as Muhammad's secretary and deputy in this period, and was the flag bearer of his army. Numerous sayings of Muhammad praise Ali, the most controversial of which was uttered in at the Ghadir Khumm , "Whoever I am his mawla , this Ali is his mawla. When Muhammad died in the same year, a group of Muslims met in the absence of Ali and appointed Abu Bakr r.

Ali later relinquished his claims to leadership and resigned from public life during the reigns of Abu Bakr and his successor, Umar r. Even though his advice was occasionally sought, the conflicts between Ali and the first two caliphs are epitomized by his refusal to follow their practices. This refusal cost Ali the caliphate to the benefit of Uthman r.

Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption.

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Yet Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies. Following Uthman's assassination in June , Ali was elected caliph in Medina. He immediately faced two separate rebellions, both ostensibly to avenge Uthman: The triumvirate of Talha , Zubayr , both companions of Muhammad, and his widow Aisha captured Basra in Iraq but were defeated by Ali in the Battle of the Camel in Elsewhere, Mu'awiya , whom Ali had just removed from the governorship of Syria , fought against Ali the inconclusive Battle of Siffin in , which ended in a failed arbitration process that alienated some of Ali's supporters.

These formed the Kharijites , who later terrorized the public and were crushed by Ali in the Battle of Nahrawan in Ali was assassinated in by the Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljam , which paved the way for Mu'awiya to seize power and found the dynastic Umayyad Caliphate. Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity , and equal treatment of all Muslims.